advantegously
textile
countryside
miscalculation
immaculate
developmental
sphisticated
simplification
centimeter
millionaire
ˌædvənˈteɪʤəsli secondary, unstressed, primary, unstressed, unstressed
ˈtekstaɪl primary, prominent
ˈkʌntrɪsaɪd
ˌmɪsˌkælkjʊˈleɪʃn secondary, prominent, unstressed, primary, unstressed
ɪˈmækjʊlət unstressed, primary, unstressed,unstressed
dɪˌveləpˈmentl unstressed, secondary, unstressed, primary, unstressed
səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd unstressed, primary, unstressed, prominent, unstressed
ˌsɪmplɪfɪˈkeɪʃn secondary, unstressed, unstressed, primary, unstressed
ˈsentɪˌmiːtə primary, unstressed, prominent, unstressed
ˌmɪlɪəˈneə secondary, unstressed, primary
martes, 10 de noviembre de 2009
reading 2º parcial
a live virus vaccine has been carefully tested at the laboratory and is recommended for children over 6 years of age
carl learned that 3 years before, a fan motor had been removed from a rooftop ventilator just above his cell block; immediately he saw a way of escape
your history teacher knows your academic profile isn't perfect, so work hard for his lessons or otherwise you won't pass his course
recent research carried out by psychiatrists has shown that fear of the dentist is quite common in many countries
ə laɪv ˈvaɪərəs ˈvæksiːn həz biːn ˈkeəfəli ˈtestɪd ət ðə ləˈbɒrətrɪ ənd ɪz ˌrekəˈmendɪd fə ˈʧɪldrən ˈəʊvə sɪks jɜːz əv eɪʤ
kɑːl lɜːnd ðət θriː jɜːz bɪˈfɔːr ə fæn ˈməʊtə həd biːn rɪˈmuːvd frəm ə ˈruːftɒp ˈventɪleɪtə ʤʌst əˈbʌv ɪz sel blɒk ɪˈmiːdɪətli hi sɔː ə weɪ əv ɪˈskeɪp
jə ˈhɪstrɪ ˈtiːʧə nəʊz jə ˌækəˈdemɪk ˈprəʊfaɪl ˈɪznt pəˈfekt səʊ wɜːk hɑːd fər ɪz ˈlesnz ɔːr ˈʌðəwaɪz ju wəʊnt pɑːs ɪz kɔːs
ˈriːsnt rɪˈsɜːʧ ˈkærɪd aʊt baɪ sɪˈkaɪətrɪsts həz ʃəʊn ðət fɪər əv ðə ˈdentɪst ɪz kwaɪt ˈkɒmən ɪn ˈmenɪ ˈkʌntrɪz
carl learned that 3 years before, a fan motor had been removed from a rooftop ventilator just above his cell block; immediately he saw a way of escape
your history teacher knows your academic profile isn't perfect, so work hard for his lessons or otherwise you won't pass his course
recent research carried out by psychiatrists has shown that fear of the dentist is quite common in many countries
ə laɪv ˈvaɪərəs ˈvæksiːn həz biːn ˈkeəfəli ˈtestɪd ət ðə ləˈbɒrətrɪ ənd ɪz ˌrekəˈmendɪd fə ˈʧɪldrən ˈəʊvə sɪks jɜːz əv eɪʤ
kɑːl lɜːnd ðət θriː jɜːz bɪˈfɔːr ə fæn ˈməʊtə həd biːn rɪˈmuːvd frəm ə ˈruːftɒp ˈventɪleɪtə ʤʌst əˈbʌv ɪz sel blɒk ɪˈmiːdɪətli hi sɔː ə weɪ əv ɪˈskeɪp
jə ˈhɪstrɪ ˈtiːʧə nəʊz jə ˌækəˈdemɪk ˈprəʊfaɪl ˈɪznt pəˈfekt səʊ wɜːk hɑːd fər ɪz ˈlesnz ɔːr ˈʌðəwaɪz ju wəʊnt pɑːs ɪz kɔːs
ˈriːsnt rɪˈsɜːʧ ˈkærɪd aʊt baɪ sɪˈkaɪətrɪsts həz ʃəʊn ðət fɪər əv ðə ˈdentɪst ɪz kwaɪt ˈkɒmən ɪn ˈmenɪ ˈkʌntrɪz
listening 2º parcial
now here I was in 1975, a quarter of a century later on a bus from London to Warsaw travelling with my 3-year-old daughter. It was a very chilly dawn when we reached the border. The sight from the bus window looked like a cold war movie set. I was very nervous. We had to pass up our passports. I noticed as I handed mine in, that it was damp. I must have spilled something on it during the night.
naʊ hɪə aɪ wəz ɪn ˌnaɪnˈtiːn ˈsevntɪ faɪv ə ˈkwɔːtər əv ə ˈsenʧərɪ ˈleɪtər ɒn ə bʌs frəm ˈlʌndən tu ˈwɔːsɔː ˈtrævəlɪŋ wɪð maɪ θriː jɜːr əʊld ˈdɔːtə
ɪt wəz ə ˈverɪ ˈʧɪli dɔːn wen wi riːʧt ðə ˈbɔːdə
ðə saɪt frəm ðə bʌs ˈwɪndəʊ lʊkt laɪk ə kəʊld wɔːr ˈmuːvɪ set
aɪ wəz ˈverɪ ˈnɜːvəs
wi həd tu pɑːs ʌp ˈaʊə ˈpɑːspɔːts
aɪ ˈnəʊtɪst əz aɪ ˈhændɪd maɪn ɪn ðət ɪt wəz dæmp
aɪ məst həv spɪld ˈsʌmθɪŋ ɒn ɪt ˈdjʊərɪŋ ðə naɪt
naʊ hɪə aɪ wəz ɪn ˌnaɪnˈtiːn ˈsevntɪ faɪv ə ˈkwɔːtər əv ə ˈsenʧərɪ ˈleɪtər ɒn ə bʌs frəm ˈlʌndən tu ˈwɔːsɔː ˈtrævəlɪŋ wɪð maɪ θriː jɜːr əʊld ˈdɔːtə
ɪt wəz ə ˈverɪ ˈʧɪli dɔːn wen wi riːʧt ðə ˈbɔːdə
ðə saɪt frəm ðə bʌs ˈwɪndəʊ lʊkt laɪk ə kəʊld wɔːr ˈmuːvɪ set
aɪ wəz ˈverɪ ˈnɜːvəs
wi həd tu pɑːs ʌp ˈaʊə ˈpɑːspɔːts
aɪ ˈnəʊtɪst əz aɪ ˈhændɪd maɪn ɪn ðət ɪt wəz dæmp
aɪ məst həv spɪld ˈsʌmθɪŋ ɒn ɪt ˈdjʊərɪŋ ðə naɪt
teoria: preguntas posibles para el 2º parcial
what's the difference between assimilation and elision?
elision is the omission of sounds in connected speech while assimilation is the changing of sounds in connected speech.
elision occurs when a sound which would be present in a word spoken in isolation is omitted in connected speech.assimilation occurs when a phoneme changes its quality to influence a neighbouring sound. such phoneme change to become more like the neighbouring sound or even identical to it.
There are two kinds of elision; the one that results in a loss of syllables and the one that doesn't. The former is called compression and the latter is plainly elision.
There are two kinds of assimilation. when the phoneme that comes first is affected by the one that comes after it, then the assimilation is called regressive. when the phoneme that comes second changes to become like the first phoneme in some way, the the assimilation is called progressive.
What's the difference betweenholding and lenghtening?
both holding and lenghtening when the same phoneme is found in the last phoneme of a word and in the first phoneme of the word immediately after it.the difference is that holding only refers to plosives (p.b,t,d.k.g) while lenghtening only refers to fricatives (f,v,s,z,θˌð)
what is the difference between coalescent assimilation and regressive and progressive assimilation?
both regressive assimilation and progressive assimilation consist of the changing of one sound due to the influence of a neighbouring sound.
on the other hand, coalescent assimilation consists of 2 sounds combining to form a different one; 2 separate sounds merge to form a single new phoneme.
elision is the omission of sounds in connected speech while assimilation is the changing of sounds in connected speech.
elision occurs when a sound which would be present in a word spoken in isolation is omitted in connected speech.assimilation occurs when a phoneme changes its quality to influence a neighbouring sound. such phoneme change to become more like the neighbouring sound or even identical to it.
There are two kinds of elision; the one that results in a loss of syllables and the one that doesn't. The former is called compression and the latter is plainly elision.
There are two kinds of assimilation. when the phoneme that comes first is affected by the one that comes after it, then the assimilation is called regressive. when the phoneme that comes second changes to become like the first phoneme in some way, the the assimilation is called progressive.
What's the difference betweenholding and lenghtening?
both holding and lenghtening when the same phoneme is found in the last phoneme of a word and in the first phoneme of the word immediately after it.the difference is that holding only refers to plosives (p.b,t,d.k.g) while lenghtening only refers to fricatives (f,v,s,z,θˌð)
what is the difference between coalescent assimilation and regressive and progressive assimilation?
both regressive assimilation and progressive assimilation consist of the changing of one sound due to the influence of a neighbouring sound.
on the other hand, coalescent assimilation consists of 2 sounds combining to form a different one; 2 separate sounds merge to form a single new phoneme.
lunes, 9 de noviembre de 2009
algunas reglas
PAST VERBS
d
Listened, played
If final sound of the verb in the base form is voiced, the ending in the past is d
Pull cry whisper fail empty comb
t
worked
If final sound of the verb in the base form is voiceless, the ending in the past is t
Push dance miss open drop
Id
invited
If final sound of the verb in the base form is either t or d, the ending in the past is Id
Wait depart start load
PLURALS
/s/ books
When the final sound of the noun in singular form is voiceless, the final sound in the plural will be /s/ which is also a voiceless sound
/z/ beds
When the final sound of the noun in singular form is voiced, the final sound in the plural will be /z/ which is also a voiced sound
/Iz/ buses, bushes, churches
When the final sound of the noun in singular form is /Z/,ʃ, tʃ, ʤ, ʒ
Theres a hissing sound.
d
Listened, played
If final sound of the verb in the base form is voiced, the ending in the past is d
Pull cry whisper fail empty comb
t
worked
If final sound of the verb in the base form is voiceless, the ending in the past is t
Push dance miss open drop
Id
invited
If final sound of the verb in the base form is either t or d, the ending in the past is Id
Wait depart start load
PLURALS
/s/ books
When the final sound of the noun in singular form is voiceless, the final sound in the plural will be /s/ which is also a voiceless sound
/z/ beds
When the final sound of the noun in singular form is voiced, the final sound in the plural will be /z/ which is also a voiced sound
/Iz/ buses, bushes, churches
When the final sound of the noun in singular form is /Z/,ʃ, tʃ, ʤ, ʒ
Theres a hissing sound.
teoria: preguntas posibles para el 2º parcial
What effects do preffixes have on stress patterns?
Provide examples, please.
we can build longer words by adding parts to the beginning or end of shorter words. Usually, this doesn't change the stress; it stays on the same syllable as in the original word.
Here's a list of beginnings which do not change the stress of the shorter word:
DISorder
ILegitimate
INdependent
IMpossible
UNhappy
UNDERpay
Don't stress the negative prefix attached to an adjective:
impossible, illiterate
For other prefixes: the best treatment seems to say that stress in words with prefixes is governed by the same rules as those for words without prefixes
What's stress?
“Word stress” is the term used to describe the accent or emphasis given to a particular syllable of a word.
Stress can fall on the first, middle or last syllables of words.
We can study stress from the point of view of production and of perception.
-Production of stress depends on the speaker using more muscular energy than is used for unstressed syllables
-All stressed syllables have one common characteristic: prominence. Stressed syllables are perceived as stressed because they are more prominent than unstressed syllables
what makes a syllable prominent?
Prominence is produced by:
-Loudness
-Length
-Pitch
-Quality
-Facial movements
Loudness
Most people seem to feel that stressed syllables are louder than unstressed.
If one syllable is made louder than the others, it will be heard as stressed.
Length
If one of the syllables is made longer than the others, there is quite a strong tendency for that syllable to be heard as stressed.
Pitch
Pitch in speech is closely related to the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds and to the musical notion of low and high-pitched notes.
It's essentially a perceptual characteristic of speech. If all syllables are said with low pitch except for one said with high pitch, then the high-pitched syllable will be heard as stressed and the others as unstressed
Quality
A syllable will tend to be prominent if it contains a vowel that is different in quality from neighbouring vowels.
Facial movements
Stressed syllables may be accompanied by larger jaw, lip and other facial movements by the speaker.
<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
primary and secondary stress
Longer words, especially when spoken in isolation, may have more than one stressed syllable, in which case one of the stresses is given more force than the other.
Primary stress: the strongest type of stress. Represented in transcription by a high mark just before the affected syllable.
Secondary stress: weaker than primary stress but stronger than a weak syllable. Represented in transcription with a low mark.
There is a third level of stress which can be called “unstressed” and is regarded as being the absence of any recognizable amount of prominence.
stress in simple words
nglish stress placement is a highly complex matter.
When English speakers come across an unfamiliar word they can pronounce it with the correct stress.
Therefore it should be possible to discover what it is that the English speaker knows and to write it in the form of rules.
stress in two-syllable words
Either the first of the second syllable will be stressed - not both.
Nouns:
If the second syllable contains a short vowel, then the stress will usually come on the first syllable.(product /ˈprɒdʌkt/)
Otherwise it will be on the second syllable.(balloon /bəˈluːn/)
Verbs:
The basic rule is that if the second syllable of the verb is a strong syllable, then that second syllable is stressed.(apply/əˈplaɪ/)
If the final syllable is weak, then the first syllable is stressed.(enter/ˈentə/)
A final syllable is also unstressed if it contains the diphthong ’/əʊ/’.(follow /ˈfɒləʊ/)
Adjectives:
Stressed according to the same rule as verbs (lovely/ˈlʌvli/; divine /dɪˈvaɪn/)
Other words as adverbs and prepositions seem to behave like verbs and adjectives.
stress in three-syllable words
Nouns:
If the final syllable is weak, or ends with /əʊ/, then it's unstressed.(potato /pəˈteɪtəʊ/)
If the syllable preceding the final syllable is strong, then that middle syllable will be stressed.(disaster /dɪˈzɑːstə/)
If the second and third syllables are both weak, then the first syllable is stressed.
(cinema/ˈsɪnəmə/)
Exception: three-syllable simple nouns. Even if the final syllable is strong , the stress will usually be placed on the first syllable. The last syllable is usually quite prominent, so that in some cases it could be said to have secondary stress. (intellect /ˈɪntəlekt/)
Verbs:
If the final syllable is strong , then it will be stressed.(entertain /ˌentəˈteɪn/)
If the last syllable is weak, then it will be unstressed, and stress will be placed on the penultimate syllable if that syllable is strong.(encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntə/)
If both the second and third syllable are weak, then the stress falls on the initial syllable.(parody/ˈpærədɪ/)
Adjectives:
Seem to need the same rule as three-syllable simple nouns.(opportune/ˈɒpətjuːn/)
attention:
The above rules do not, of course, cover all English words. They apply only to major categories of lexical words (nouns, verbs and adjectives), not to function words such as articles and prepositions.
There are many cases of English words with alternative possible stress patterns.
Other words change their stress pattern according to the context they occur in.
Provide examples, please.
we can build longer words by adding parts to the beginning or end of shorter words. Usually, this doesn't change the stress; it stays on the same syllable as in the original word.
Here's a list of beginnings which do not change the stress of the shorter word:
DISorder
ILegitimate
INdependent
IMpossible
UNhappy
UNDERpay
Don't stress the negative prefix attached to an adjective:
impossible, illiterate
For other prefixes: the best treatment seems to say that stress in words with prefixes is governed by the same rules as those for words without prefixes
What's stress?
“Word stress” is the term used to describe the accent or emphasis given to a particular syllable of a word.
Stress can fall on the first, middle or last syllables of words.
We can study stress from the point of view of production and of perception.
-Production of stress depends on the speaker using more muscular energy than is used for unstressed syllables
-All stressed syllables have one common characteristic: prominence. Stressed syllables are perceived as stressed because they are more prominent than unstressed syllables
what makes a syllable prominent?
Prominence is produced by:
-Loudness
-Length
-Pitch
-Quality
-Facial movements
Loudness
Most people seem to feel that stressed syllables are louder than unstressed.
If one syllable is made louder than the others, it will be heard as stressed.
Length
If one of the syllables is made longer than the others, there is quite a strong tendency for that syllable to be heard as stressed.
Pitch
Pitch in speech is closely related to the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds and to the musical notion of low and high-pitched notes.
It's essentially a perceptual characteristic of speech. If all syllables are said with low pitch except for one said with high pitch, then the high-pitched syllable will be heard as stressed and the others as unstressed
Quality
A syllable will tend to be prominent if it contains a vowel that is different in quality from neighbouring vowels.
Facial movements
Stressed syllables may be accompanied by larger jaw, lip and other facial movements by the speaker.
<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
primary and secondary stress
Longer words, especially when spoken in isolation, may have more than one stressed syllable, in which case one of the stresses is given more force than the other.
Primary stress: the strongest type of stress. Represented in transcription by a high mark just before the affected syllable.
Secondary stress: weaker than primary stress but stronger than a weak syllable. Represented in transcription with a low mark.
There is a third level of stress which can be called “unstressed” and is regarded as being the absence of any recognizable amount of prominence.
stress in simple words
nglish stress placement is a highly complex matter.
When English speakers come across an unfamiliar word they can pronounce it with the correct stress.
Therefore it should be possible to discover what it is that the English speaker knows and to write it in the form of rules.
stress in two-syllable words
Either the first of the second syllable will be stressed - not both.
Nouns:
If the second syllable contains a short vowel, then the stress will usually come on the first syllable.(product /ˈprɒdʌkt/)
Otherwise it will be on the second syllable.(balloon /bəˈluːn/)
Verbs:
The basic rule is that if the second syllable of the verb is a strong syllable, then that second syllable is stressed.(apply/əˈplaɪ/)
If the final syllable is weak, then the first syllable is stressed.(enter/ˈentə/)
A final syllable is also unstressed if it contains the diphthong ’/əʊ/’.(follow /ˈfɒləʊ/)
Adjectives:
Stressed according to the same rule as verbs (lovely/ˈlʌvli/; divine /dɪˈvaɪn/)
Other words as adverbs and prepositions seem to behave like verbs and adjectives.
stress in three-syllable words
Nouns:
If the final syllable is weak, or ends with /əʊ/, then it's unstressed.(potato /pəˈteɪtəʊ/)
If the syllable preceding the final syllable is strong, then that middle syllable will be stressed.(disaster /dɪˈzɑːstə/)
If the second and third syllables are both weak, then the first syllable is stressed.
(cinema/ˈsɪnəmə/)
Exception: three-syllable simple nouns. Even if the final syllable is strong , the stress will usually be placed on the first syllable. The last syllable is usually quite prominent, so that in some cases it could be said to have secondary stress. (intellect /ˈɪntəlekt/)
Verbs:
If the final syllable is strong , then it will be stressed.(entertain /ˌentəˈteɪn/)
If the last syllable is weak, then it will be unstressed, and stress will be placed on the penultimate syllable if that syllable is strong.(encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntə/)
If both the second and third syllable are weak, then the stress falls on the initial syllable.(parody/ˈpærədɪ/)
Adjectives:
Seem to need the same rule as three-syllable simple nouns.(opportune/ˈɒpətjuːn/)
attention:
The above rules do not, of course, cover all English words. They apply only to major categories of lexical words (nouns, verbs and adjectives), not to function words such as articles and prepositions.
There are many cases of English words with alternative possible stress patterns.
Other words change their stress pattern according to the context they occur in.
viernes, 6 de noviembre de 2009
Teoría: preguntas del segundo parcial
What is the difference between compression and elision?
Compresion is a type of elision. Both elision and compression consist on the omission of sounds. The difference between elision and compression is that the latter results in the reduction of the number of syllables.
Compression: sometimes a sequence of sounds has two possible pronunciations: 2 separate syllables or compressed into a single syllable. When the latter occurs, we have a compression.
The compressed version is more usual infrequently used words, in fast or casual speech, and if the word has already been used in the discourse.
Provide 2 examples for each of the above features and explain in which context they occur
In which contexts does compression occur?
- when weak vowels /I/ and /ʊ/ turn into /j/ and /w/, respectively:
influence /ˈɪnflʊəns/-> /ˈɪnflwəns/
-when a syllabic consonant changes into a plain consonant (non syllabic)
doubling /ˈdʌbəlɪŋ/ -> /ˈdʌblɪŋ/
-when a long vowel or dipthong changes:
from i: to I, from u: to u, from aI to aI, from au to au
nowadays ˈnaʊ.ə.deɪz -> ˈnaə.deɪz
agreeable əˈgriːəbl -> əˈgrIːəbl
-when a tripthong ends in schwa , the second sound dissapears
-two pottential syllabic consonants: it's always the one before the mark '_' that can lose its syllabicity through compression
national ˈnæʃənəl->ˈnæʃn(ə)l
In which contexts does elision occur?
-consonant elision (in the middle of a cluster)
consonant+t or d+consonant(not h)
built them bɪlt ðəm->bɪl ðəm
-within words
x syncope (loss of an unstressed medial vowel)
chocolate ˈʧɒkələt -> ˈʧɒklət
x aphesis
because bɪˈkɒz ->kɒz ('cause)
x consonant+schwa+ liquid (l,r) or nasal (n, m, ŋ)
distant ˈdɪstənt---> ˈdɪstnt
What effects do suffixes have on stress patterns?
Provide examples, please.
Suffixes can change stress patterns or not, it depends.
The following suffixes don't change the stress pattern:
drinkABLE
achorAGE
musicAL
playER
widEN
helpFUL
childHOOD
borING
civilIZE/civilISE
childISH
childLESS
birdLIKE
friendLY
employMENT
happiNESS
friendSHIP
otherWISE
On the other hand, other suffixes do change the stress in the shorter word.:
suffixes carrying primary stress themselves
word ending in -ese, -ee, -eer, -ette, -esque have the stress on this syllable
chinese, refugee, volunteer, cigarrette, picturesque
-suffixes that influence stress in the strem
always stress the syllable before -ion, -ian (education, electrician)
-the ending -ic also moves the stress to the syllable before it (scientific)
There are many longer word endings where the last letters are -y or -ist. In words with these endings, the stress is placed on the syllable two from the end.(antepenultimate) (humanity, chemistry)
Compresion is a type of elision. Both elision and compression consist on the omission of sounds. The difference between elision and compression is that the latter results in the reduction of the number of syllables.
Compression: sometimes a sequence of sounds has two possible pronunciations: 2 separate syllables or compressed into a single syllable. When the latter occurs, we have a compression.
The compressed version is more usual infrequently used words, in fast or casual speech, and if the word has already been used in the discourse.
Provide 2 examples for each of the above features and explain in which context they occur
In which contexts does compression occur?
- when weak vowels /I/ and /ʊ/ turn into /j/ and /w/, respectively:
influence /ˈɪnflʊəns/-> /ˈɪnflwəns/
-when a syllabic consonant changes into a plain consonant (non syllabic)
doubling /ˈdʌbəlɪŋ/ -> /ˈdʌblɪŋ/
-when a long vowel or dipthong changes:
from i: to I, from u: to u, from aI to aI, from au to au
nowadays ˈnaʊ.ə.deɪz -> ˈnaə.deɪz
agreeable əˈgriːəbl -> əˈgrIːəbl
-when a tripthong ends in schwa , the second sound dissapears
-two pottential syllabic consonants: it's always the one before the mark '_' that can lose its syllabicity through compression
national ˈnæʃənəl->ˈnæʃn(ə)l
In which contexts does elision occur?
-consonant elision (in the middle of a cluster)
consonant+t or d+consonant(not h)
built them bɪlt ðəm->bɪl ðəm
-within words
x syncope (loss of an unstressed medial vowel)
chocolate ˈʧɒkələt -> ˈʧɒklət
x aphesis
because bɪˈkɒz ->kɒz ('cause)
x consonant+schwa+ liquid (l,r) or nasal (n, m, ŋ)
distant ˈdɪstənt---> ˈdɪstnt
What effects do suffixes have on stress patterns?
Provide examples, please.
Suffixes can change stress patterns or not, it depends.
The following suffixes don't change the stress pattern:
drinkABLE
achorAGE
musicAL
playER
widEN
helpFUL
childHOOD
borING
civilIZE/civilISE
childISH
childLESS
birdLIKE
friendLY
employMENT
happiNESS
friendSHIP
otherWISE
On the other hand, other suffixes do change the stress in the shorter word.:
suffixes carrying primary stress themselves
word ending in -ese, -ee, -eer, -ette, -esque have the stress on this syllable
chinese, refugee, volunteer, cigarrette, picturesque
-suffixes that influence stress in the strem
always stress the syllable before -ion, -ian (education, electrician)
-the ending -ic also moves the stress to the syllable before it (scientific)
There are many longer word endings where the last letters are -y or -ist. In words with these endings, the stress is placed on the syllable two from the end.(antepenultimate) (humanity, chemistry)
miércoles, 4 de noviembre de 2009
stress in longer words
^^prefixes and suffixes that don't affect stress placement^^
we can build longer words by adding parts to the beginning or end of shorter words. Usually, this doesn't change the stress; it stays on the same syllable as in the original word.
Here's a list of beginnings and endings which do not change the stress of the shorter word:
suffixes
drinkABLE
achorAGE
musicAL
playER
widEN
helpFUL
childHOOD
borING
civilIZE/civilISE
childISH
childLESS
birdLIKE
friendLY
employMENT
happiNESS
friendSHIP
otherWISE
prefixes:
DISorder
ILegitimate
INdependent
IMpossible
UNhappy
UNDERpay
Don't stress the negative prefix attached to an adjective:
impossible, illiterate
exceptions: nowhere, nothing, nobody, nonsense
For other prefixes: the best treatment seems to say that stress in words with prefixes is governed by the same rules as those for words without prefixes
some endings change the stress in the shorter word.
-suffixes carrying primary stress themselves
word ending in -ese, -ee, -eer, -ette, -esque have the stress on this syllable
chinese, refugee, volunteer, cigarrette, picturesque
-suffixes that influence stress in the strem
always stress the syllable before -ion, -ian (education, electrician)
-the ending -ic also moves the stress to the syllable before it (scientific)
(excepctions : arabic, lunatic, politics, rhetotic
Note: when a syllable changes from unstressed to stressed, or the other way round, the vowel sound often changed. (atom/atomic)
Note: the ending -al doesn't change the stress of the word, so, for example, the stress is on the same sullable in economic and economical.
There are many longer word endings where the last letters are -y or -ist. In words with these endings, the stress is placed on the syllable two from the end.(antepenultimate) (humanity, chemistry)
Note: if we add the ending -ic to a word, the stress goes on to the syllable before 'ic' (photographic)
we can build longer words by adding parts to the beginning or end of shorter words. Usually, this doesn't change the stress; it stays on the same syllable as in the original word.
Here's a list of beginnings and endings which do not change the stress of the shorter word:
suffixes
drinkABLE
achorAGE
musicAL
playER
widEN
helpFUL
childHOOD
borING
civilIZE/civilISE
childISH
childLESS
birdLIKE
friendLY
employMENT
happiNESS
friendSHIP
otherWISE
prefixes:
DISorder
ILegitimate
INdependent
IMpossible
UNhappy
UNDERpay
Don't stress the negative prefix attached to an adjective:
impossible, illiterate
exceptions: nowhere, nothing, nobody, nonsense
For other prefixes: the best treatment seems to say that stress in words with prefixes is governed by the same rules as those for words without prefixes
some endings change the stress in the shorter word.
-suffixes carrying primary stress themselves
word ending in -ese, -ee, -eer, -ette, -esque have the stress on this syllable
chinese, refugee, volunteer, cigarrette, picturesque
-suffixes that influence stress in the strem
always stress the syllable before -ion, -ian (education, electrician)
-the ending -ic also moves the stress to the syllable before it (scientific)
(excepctions : arabic, lunatic, politics, rhetotic
Note: when a syllable changes from unstressed to stressed, or the other way round, the vowel sound often changed. (atom/atomic)
Note: the ending -al doesn't change the stress of the word, so, for example, the stress is on the same sullable in economic and economical.
There are many longer word endings where the last letters are -y or -ist. In words with these endings, the stress is placed on the syllable two from the end.(antepenultimate) (humanity, chemistry)
Note: if we add the ending -ic to a word, the stress goes on to the syllable before 'ic' (photographic)
domingo, 1 de noviembre de 2009
práctica: stress patterns
schwa, I and u are weak sounds.
levels of stress
primary, secondary, prominent (every vowel and diphthong except weak sounds)and unstressed (weak sounds)
in respective order: primeraty stress, secondary stress, prominent stress and unstressed syllable.
WORDS WITH THE SAME PATTERN
TWO-SYLLABLE WORDS
- PRIMARY+ UNSTRESSED
happy, person, sunny, coupon, chocolate, people, object(noun), conduct (n), contrast (n), frequent (adj), worried, stomach
-UNSTRESSED + PRIMARY
apart, Brazil, behind, return, suggest, career, conduct (v), cotrast (v), frequent (v)
-PRIMARY +PROMINENCE
sunday, sunshine, insult, record, almost, baseball, therefore, argued
-PROMINENCE +PRIMARY
surpass, myself, outlive, fourteen, although
-SECONDARY+PRIMARY
unkind, misuse, nonstop, decode, rewind, rewrite, remake, miscall, chinese, thirteen
THREE-SYLLABLE WORDS
-PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+PROMINENCE
analise, classify, absolute, indicate, catalogue, emphasize, critisize, recognize, verify, qualify, simplify, realize, attribute (n), handicap, catholic, exercise
-PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED
chocolate, miracle, primary, interesting, capital, pyramid, musical,technical
-UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED
important, example, amazing, elision, demanding, efficient, invasion, vivacious, Fiona, decided, protected, persuading
-SECONDARY+ PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED
discourage, nonfiction, remarry, completion, substandard
-SECONDARY+UNSTRESSED+ PRIMARY
unpredict, discompose, mispronouce, japanese, redesign, portuguese, cantonese
-PRIMARY+PROMINENCE+UNSTRESSED
sunbathing, rectangle, pullover
-PROMINENCE+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED
however, transparent, lieutenant, financial, transfusion
-UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+PROMINENCE
volcano, potato, tomato, attribute (v)
FOUR SYLLABLE WORDS
-PROMINENCE+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED
identify, ironical, coordinate (adj), psychology, psychologist, fundamental
-SECONDARY+ UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED
condidential, artificial, revelation, alcoholic, explanation, demostration, conversation, adventageous, photogenic, Scientific
-PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED
memorable, chavinism, communism
-UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED
emergency, certificate (n)
-UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+ PROMINENCE
exemplify, apologize, certificate (v)
-PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+PROMINENCE+UNSTRESSED
advertising, centimetre
-PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED+PROMINENCE
nationalize, characterize
-SECONDARY+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED
unlimited
-SECONDARY++UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY
underemployed
-UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+PROMINENCE
intoxicate
FIVE SYLLABLE WORDS
-PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED
capitalism, cannibalism, radicalism
-UNSTRESS+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED
communicative, metabolism
-SECONDARY+UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED
archaeology, irresponsible, geographical
-SECONDARY+UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+ PROMINENCE
rehabilitate
-SECONDARY+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED
characteristic
-UNSTRESSED+SECONDARY+UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED
consideration, unimportant, pronuntiation, discrimination, investigation
-SECONDARY+PROMINENCE+UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED
self-preservation
-SECONDARY+UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+PROMINENCE+UNSTRESSED
metamorphosis
levels of stress
primary, secondary, prominent (every vowel and diphthong except weak sounds)and unstressed (weak sounds)
in respective order: primeraty stress, secondary stress, prominent stress and unstressed syllable.
WORDS WITH THE SAME PATTERN
TWO-SYLLABLE WORDS
- PRIMARY+ UNSTRESSED
happy, person, sunny, coupon, chocolate, people, object(noun), conduct (n), contrast (n), frequent (adj), worried, stomach
-UNSTRESSED + PRIMARY
apart, Brazil, behind, return, suggest, career, conduct (v), cotrast (v), frequent (v)
-PRIMARY +PROMINENCE
sunday, sunshine, insult, record, almost, baseball, therefore, argued
-PROMINENCE +PRIMARY
surpass, myself, outlive, fourteen, although
-SECONDARY+PRIMARY
unkind, misuse, nonstop, decode, rewind, rewrite, remake, miscall, chinese, thirteen
THREE-SYLLABLE WORDS
-PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+PROMINENCE
analise, classify, absolute, indicate, catalogue, emphasize, critisize, recognize, verify, qualify, simplify, realize, attribute (n), handicap, catholic, exercise
-PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED
chocolate, miracle, primary, interesting, capital, pyramid, musical,technical
-UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED
important, example, amazing, elision, demanding, efficient, invasion, vivacious, Fiona, decided, protected, persuading
-SECONDARY+ PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED
discourage, nonfiction, remarry, completion, substandard
-SECONDARY+UNSTRESSED+ PRIMARY
unpredict, discompose, mispronouce, japanese, redesign, portuguese, cantonese
-PRIMARY+PROMINENCE+UNSTRESSED
sunbathing, rectangle, pullover
-PROMINENCE+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED
however, transparent, lieutenant, financial, transfusion
-UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+PROMINENCE
volcano, potato, tomato, attribute (v)
FOUR SYLLABLE WORDS
-PROMINENCE+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED
identify, ironical, coordinate (adj), psychology, psychologist, fundamental
-SECONDARY+ UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED
condidential, artificial, revelation, alcoholic, explanation, demostration, conversation, adventageous, photogenic, Scientific
-PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED
memorable, chavinism, communism
-UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED
emergency, certificate (n)
-UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+ PROMINENCE
exemplify, apologize, certificate (v)
-PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+PROMINENCE+UNSTRESSED
advertising, centimetre
-PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED+PROMINENCE
nationalize, characterize
-SECONDARY+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED
unlimited
-SECONDARY++UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY
underemployed
-UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+PROMINENCE
intoxicate
FIVE SYLLABLE WORDS
-PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED
capitalism, cannibalism, radicalism
-UNSTRESS+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED
communicative, metabolism
-SECONDARY+UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED
archaeology, irresponsible, geographical
-SECONDARY+UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED+ PROMINENCE
rehabilitate
-SECONDARY+UNSTRESSED+UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED
characteristic
-UNSTRESSED+SECONDARY+UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED
consideration, unimportant, pronuntiation, discrimination, investigation
-SECONDARY+PROMINENCE+UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+UNSTRESSED
self-preservation
-SECONDARY+UNSTRESSED+PRIMARY+PROMINENCE+UNSTRESSED
metamorphosis
conceptos de teoria: stress in simple words
<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>
“Word stress” is the term used to describe the accent or emphasis given to a particular syllable of a word.
Stress can fall on the first, middle or last syllables of words.
We can study stress from the point of view of production and of perception.
-Production of stress depends on the speaker using more muscular energy than is used for unstressed syllables
-All stressed syllables have one common characteristic: prominence. Stressed syllables are perceived as stressed because they are more prominent than unstressed syllables
what makes a syllable prominent?
Prominence is produced by:
-Loudness
-Length
-Pitch
-Quality
-Facial movements
Loudness
Most people seem to feel that stressed syllables are louder than unstressed.
If one syllable is made louder than the others, it will be heard as stressed.
Length
If one of the syllables is made longer than the others, there is quite a strong tendency for that syllable to be heard as stressed.
Pitch
Pitch in speech is closely related to the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds and to the musical notion of low and high-pitched notes.
It's essentially a perceptual characteristic of speech. If all syllables are said with low pitch except for one said with high pitch, then the high-pitched syllable will be heard as stressed and the others as unstressed
Quality
A syllable will tend to be prominent if it contains a vowel that is different in quality from neighbouring vowels.
Facial movements
Stressed syllables may be accompanied by larger jaw, lip and other facial movements by the speaker.
<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
primary and secondary stress
Longer words, especially when spoken in isolation, may have more than one stressed syllable, in which case one of the stresses is given more force than the other.
Primary stress: the strongest type of stress. Represented in transcription by a high mark just before the affected syllable.
Secondary stress: weaker than primary stress but stronger than a weak syllable. Represented in transcription with a low mark.
There is a third level of stress which can be called “unstressed” and is regarded as being the absence of any recognizable amount of prominence.
<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
how to select the correct syllable to stress?
Some questions to decide on stress placement:
Is the word morphologically simple, complex (containing one or more affixes) or compound?
What is the grammatical category of the word (noun, verb, adjective, etc.)?
How many syllables has the word got?
What’s the phonological structure of those syllables?
weak and strong syllables
It is possible to divide syllables into two basic categories: strong and weak.
Remember: although we do find unstressed strong syllables, only strong syllables can be stressed. Weak syllables are always unstressed.
English stress placement is a highly complex matter.
When English speakers come across an unfamiliar word they can pronounce it with the correct stress.
Therefore it should be possible to discover what it is that the English speaker knows and to write it in the form of rules.
stress in two-syllable words
Either the first of the second syllable will be stressed - not both.
Nouns:
If the second syllable contains a short vowel, then the stress will usually come on the first syllable. Otherwise it will be on the second syllable.
Verbs:
The basic rule is that if the second syllable of the verb is a strong syllable, then that second syllable is stressed.
If the final syllable is weak, then the first syllable is stressed.
A final syllable is also unstressed if it contains the diphthong ’/əʊ/’.
Adjectives:
Stressed according to the same rule as verbs
Other words as adverbs and prepositions seem to behave like verbs and adjectives.
stress in three-syllable words
Nouns:
If the final syllable is weak, or ends with /əʊ/, then it's unstressed.
If the syllable preceding the final syllable is strong, then that middle syllable will be stressed.
If the second and third syllables are both weak, then the first syllable is stressed.
Exception: three-syllable simple nouns. Even if the final syllable is strong , the stress will usually be placed on the first syllable. The last syllable is usually quite prominent, so that in some cases it could be said to have secondary stress
Verbs:
If the final syllable is strong , then it will be stressed.
If the last syllable is weak, then it will be unstressed, and stress will be placed on the penultimate syllable if that syllable is strong.
If both the second and third syllable are weak, then the stress falls on the initial syllable.
Adjectives:
Seem to need the same rule as three-syllable simple nouns.
attention:
The above rules do not, of course, cover all English words. They apply only to major categories of lexical words (nouns, verbs and adjectives), not to function words such as articles and prepositions.
There are many cases of English words with alternative possible stress patterns.
Other words change their stress pattern according to the context they occur in.
“Word stress” is the term used to describe the accent or emphasis given to a particular syllable of a word.
Stress can fall on the first, middle or last syllables of words.
We can study stress from the point of view of production and of perception.
-Production of stress depends on the speaker using more muscular energy than is used for unstressed syllables
-All stressed syllables have one common characteristic: prominence. Stressed syllables are perceived as stressed because they are more prominent than unstressed syllables
what makes a syllable prominent?
Prominence is produced by:
-Loudness
-Length
-Pitch
-Quality
-Facial movements
Loudness
Most people seem to feel that stressed syllables are louder than unstressed.
If one syllable is made louder than the others, it will be heard as stressed.
Length
If one of the syllables is made longer than the others, there is quite a strong tendency for that syllable to be heard as stressed.
Pitch
Pitch in speech is closely related to the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds and to the musical notion of low and high-pitched notes.
It's essentially a perceptual characteristic of speech. If all syllables are said with low pitch except for one said with high pitch, then the high-pitched syllable will be heard as stressed and the others as unstressed
Quality
A syllable will tend to be prominent if it contains a vowel that is different in quality from neighbouring vowels.
Facial movements
Stressed syllables may be accompanied by larger jaw, lip and other facial movements by the speaker.
<<<<<<<<<<<
primary and secondary stress
Longer words, especially when spoken in isolation, may have more than one stressed syllable, in which case one of the stresses is given more force than the other.
Primary stress: the strongest type of stress. Represented in transcription by a high mark just before the affected syllable.
Secondary stress: weaker than primary stress but stronger than a weak syllable. Represented in transcription with a low mark.
There is a third level of stress which can be called “unstressed” and is regarded as being the absence of any recognizable amount of prominence.
<<<<<<<<<<<
how to select the correct syllable to stress?
Some questions to decide on stress placement:
Is the word morphologically simple, complex (containing one or more affixes) or compound?
What is the grammatical category of the word (noun, verb, adjective, etc.)?
How many syllables has the word got?
What’s the phonological structure of those syllables?
weak and strong syllables
It is possible to divide syllables into two basic categories: strong and weak.
Remember: although we do find unstressed strong syllables, only strong syllables can be stressed. Weak syllables are always unstressed.
English stress placement is a highly complex matter.
When English speakers come across an unfamiliar word they can pronounce it with the correct stress.
Therefore it should be possible to discover what it is that the English speaker knows and to write it in the form of rules.
stress in two-syllable words
Either the first of the second syllable will be stressed - not both.
Nouns:
If the second syllable contains a short vowel, then the stress will usually come on the first syllable. Otherwise it will be on the second syllable.
Verbs:
The basic rule is that if the second syllable of the verb is a strong syllable, then that second syllable is stressed.
If the final syllable is weak, then the first syllable is stressed.
A final syllable is also unstressed if it contains the diphthong ’/əʊ/’.
Adjectives:
Stressed according to the same rule as verbs
Other words as adverbs and prepositions seem to behave like verbs and adjectives.
stress in three-syllable words
Nouns:
If the final syllable is weak, or ends with /əʊ/, then it's unstressed.
If the syllable preceding the final syllable is strong, then that middle syllable will be stressed.
If the second and third syllables are both weak, then the first syllable is stressed.
Exception: three-syllable simple nouns. Even if the final syllable is strong , the stress will usually be placed on the first syllable. The last syllable is usually quite prominent, so that in some cases it could be said to have secondary stress
Verbs:
If the final syllable is strong , then it will be stressed.
If the last syllable is weak, then it will be unstressed, and stress will be placed on the penultimate syllable if that syllable is strong.
If both the second and third syllable are weak, then the stress falls on the initial syllable.
Adjectives:
Seem to need the same rule as three-syllable simple nouns.
attention:
The above rules do not, of course, cover all English words. They apply only to major categories of lexical words (nouns, verbs and adjectives), not to function words such as articles and prepositions.
There are many cases of English words with alternative possible stress patterns.
Other words change their stress pattern according to the context they occur in.
conceptos de teoria: elision
elision is the omission of sounds.
it occurs when a sound which would be present in a word spoken in isolation is omitted in connected speech.
it's a natural result of the speech organs 'cutting corners' in connected speech, mainly at word boundaries.
it applies particularly to consonants.
speakers who don't elide may sound over-meticulous and rather crisp in their articulation. it may also be more difficult for them to use intonation and rhythm patterns with fluency.
it occurs when a sound which would be present in a word spoken in isolation is omitted in connected speech.
it's a natural result of the speech organs 'cutting corners' in connected speech, mainly at word boundaries.
it applies particularly to consonants.
speakers who don't elide may sound over-meticulous and rather crisp in their articulation. it may also be more difficult for them to use intonation and rhythm patterns with fluency.
conceptos de teoria: assimilation
assimilation is the changing of sounds.
assimilation occurs when a phoneme changed its quality to influence a neighbouring sound. such phoneme change to become more like the neighbouring sound or even identical to it.
it's the result of various speech organs 'cutting corners' as they perform their complex sequence of movements, and this occurs mostly at word boundaries and affect mainly consonant sounds.
lack of appropiate assimilation in the stream of speech can inhibit the use of English rhythm and intonation patterns, leading to a loss of both fluency and clarity of meaning.
assimilation occurs when a phoneme changed its quality to influence a neighbouring sound. such phoneme change to become more like the neighbouring sound or even identical to it.
it's the result of various speech organs 'cutting corners' as they perform their complex sequence of movements, and this occurs mostly at word boundaries and affect mainly consonant sounds.
lack of appropiate assimilation in the stream of speech can inhibit the use of English rhythm and intonation patterns, leading to a loss of both fluency and clarity of meaning.
conceptos de teoria: intrusive /r/
this refers to the /r/ sound a speaker may insert between two words when the first word ends in schwa or /):/ and the following word begins with a vowel sound.
use of this intrusive /r/ is frequent though by no means obligatory.
the only difference between linking and intrusive /r/ is that linking /r/ is reflected in the written form while intrusive /r/ isn't.
use of this intrusive /r/ is frequent though by no means obligatory.
the only difference between linking and intrusive /r/ is that linking /r/ is reflected in the written form while intrusive /r/ isn't.
conceptos de teoria: intrusive /w/ and /j/
these are used to link certain vowel-vowel combinations at word juctions.
the intrusive sound may not be distictively heard especially when the overall sentence is fairly relaxed.
intrusive /w/ follows a final /u:/ or a dipthong ending in /u/, where the next word begins with a vowel sound.
this is because /u:/ and /u/ have lip rounding and form the starting point for the bilabial semi-vowel /w/.
intrusive /j/ follows a final /i:/ or a dipthong ending in /I/ when the next word begings with a vowel sound.
this is because /I/ and /i:/ form the starting point for the semi-vowel /j/
the intrusive sound may not be distictively heard especially when the overall sentence is fairly relaxed.
intrusive /w/ follows a final /u:/ or a dipthong ending in /u/, where the next word begins with a vowel sound.
this is because /u:/ and /u/ have lip rounding and form the starting point for the bilabial semi-vowel /w/.
intrusive /j/ follows a final /i:/ or a dipthong ending in /I/ when the next word begings with a vowel sound.
this is because /I/ and /i:/ form the starting point for the semi-vowel /j/
conceptos de teoría: linking /r/
in connected speech, the final spelling 'r' of a word, may be pronounced or not, depending on whether the first sound of the next word is a consonant or a vowel.
'r' is a linking /r/ when the second word starts with a vowel.
'r' isn't sounded when the folowing word is a consonant.
the term 'linking /r/' can be applied only when the letter 'r' occurs in the written form.
'r' is a linking /r/ when the second word starts with a vowel.
'r' isn't sounded when the folowing word is a consonant.
the term 'linking /r/' can be applied only when the letter 'r' occurs in the written form.
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