teoria: preguntas posibles para el 2º parcial

What effects do preffixes have on stress patterns?

Provide examples, please.
we can build longer words by adding parts to the beginning or end of shorter words. Usually, this doesn't change the stress; it stays on the same syllable as in the original word.
Here's a list of beginnings which do not change the stress of the shorter word:

DISorder
ILegitimate
INdependent
IMpossible
UNhappy
UNDERpay

Don't stress the negative prefix attached to an adjective:
impossible, illiterate
For other prefixes: the best treatment seems to say that stress in words with prefixes is governed by the same rules as those for words without prefixes

What's stress?
“Word stress” is the term used to describe the accent or emphasis given to a particular syllable of a word.

Stress can fall on the first, middle or last syllables of words.

We can study stress from the point of view of production and of perception. 
-Production of stress depends on the speaker using more muscular energy than is used for unstressed syllables
-All stressed syllables have one common characteristic: prominence. Stressed syllables are perceived as stressed because they are more prominent than unstressed syllables

what makes a syllable prominent?
Prominence is produced by:
-Loudness
-Length
-Pitch
-Quality
-Facial movements

Loudness
Most people seem to feel that stressed syllables are louder than unstressed.
If one syllable is made louder than the others, it will be heard as stressed.

Length
If one of the syllables is made longer than the others, there is quite a strong tendency for that syllable to be heard as stressed.

Pitch
Pitch in speech is closely related to the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds and to the musical notion of low and high-pitched notes.
It's essentially a perceptual characteristic of speech. If all syllables are said with low pitch except for one said with high pitch, then the high-pitched syllable will be heard as stressed and the others as unstressed

Quality
A syllable will tend to be prominent if it contains a vowel that is different in quality from neighbouring vowels.

Facial movements
Stressed syllables may be accompanied by larger jaw, lip and other facial movements by the speaker.

<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
primary and secondary stress
Longer words, especially when spoken in isolation, may have more than one stressed syllable, in which case one of the stresses is given more force than the other.

Primary stress: the strongest type of stress. Represented in transcription by a high mark just before the affected syllable.

Secondary stress: weaker than primary stress but stronger than a weak syllable. Represented in transcription with a low mark.

There is a third level of stress which can be called “unstressed” and is regarded as being the absence of any recognizable amount of prominence.

stress in simple words
nglish stress placement is a highly complex matter.
When English speakers come across an unfamiliar word they can pronounce it with the correct stress.
Therefore it should be possible to discover what it is that the English speaker knows and to write it in the form of rules.

stress in two-syllable words
Either the first of the second syllable will be stressed - not both.
Nouns:
If the second syllable contains a short vowel, then the stress will usually come on the first syllable.(product /ˈprɒdʌkt/)
Otherwise it will be on the second syllable.(balloon /bəˈluːn/)

Verbs:
The basic rule is that if the second syllable of the verb is a strong syllable, then that second syllable is stressed.(apply/əˈplaɪ/)
If the final syllable is weak, then the first syllable is stressed.(enter/ˈentə/)
A final syllable is also unstressed if it contains the diphthong ’/əʊ/’.(follow /ˈfɒləʊ/)
Adjectives:
Stressed according to the same rule as verbs (lovely/ˈlʌvli/; divine /dɪˈvaɪn/)
Other words as adverbs and prepositions seem to behave like verbs and adjectives.

stress in three-syllable words
Nouns:
If the final syllable is weak, or ends with /əʊ/, then it's unstressed.(potato /pəˈteɪtəʊ/)
If the syllable preceding the final syllable is strong, then that middle syllable will be stressed.(disaster /dɪˈzɑːstə/)
If the second and third syllables are both weak, then the first syllable is stressed.
(cinema/ˈsɪnəmə/)
Exception: three-syllable simple nouns. Even if the final syllable is strong , the stress will usually be placed on the first syllable. The last syllable is usually quite prominent, so that in some cases it could be said to have secondary stress. (intellect /ˈɪntəlekt/)
Verbs:
If the final syllable is strong , then it will be stressed.(entertain /ˌentəˈteɪn/)
If the last syllable is weak, then it will be unstressed, and stress will be placed on the penultimate syllable if that syllable is strong.(encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntə/)
If both the second and third syllable are weak, then the stress falls on the initial syllable.(parody/ˈpærədɪ/)
Adjectives:
Seem to need the same rule as three-syllable simple nouns.(opportune/ˈɒpətjuːn/)

attention:
The above rules do not, of course, cover all English words. They apply only to major categories of lexical words (nouns, verbs and adjectives), not to function words such as articles and prepositions.
There are many cases of English words with alternative possible stress patterns.
Other words change their stress pattern according to the context they occur in.