Teoría: preguntas del segundo parcial

What is the difference between compression and elision?
Compresion is a type of elision. Both elision and compression consist on the omission of sounds. The difference between elision and compression is that the latter results in the reduction of the number of syllables.

Compression: sometimes a sequence of sounds has two possible pronunciations: 2 separate syllables or compressed into a single syllable. When the latter occurs, we have a compression.
The compressed version is more usual infrequently used words, in fast or casual speech, and if the word has already been used in the discourse.


Provide 2 examples for each of the above features and explain in which context they occur

In which contexts does compression occur?
- when weak vowels /I/ and /ʊ/ turn into /j/ and /w/, respectively:
influence /ˈɪnflʊəns/-> /ˈɪnflwəns/
-when a syllabic consonant changes into a plain consonant (non syllabic)
doubling /ˈdʌbəlɪŋ/ -> /ˈdʌblɪŋ/
-when a long vowel or dipthong changes:
from i: to I, from u: to u, from aI to aI, from au to au
nowadays ˈnaʊ.ə.deɪz -> ˈnaə.deɪz
agreeable əˈgriːəbl -> əˈgrIːəbl
-when a tripthong ends in schwa , the second sound dissapears
-two pottential syllabic consonants: it's always the one before the mark '_' that can lose its syllabicity through compression
national ˈnæʃənəl->ˈnæʃn(ə)l

In which contexts does elision occur?
-consonant elision (in the middle of a cluster)
consonant+t or d+consonant(not h)
built them bɪlt ðəm->bɪl ðəm
-within words
x syncope (loss of an unstressed medial vowel)
chocolate ˈʧɒkələt -> ˈʧɒklət
x aphesis
because bɪˈkɒz ->kɒz ('cause)
x consonant+schwa+ liquid (l,r) or nasal (n, m, ŋ)
distant ˈdɪstənt---> ˈdɪstnt











What effects do suffixes have on stress patterns?

Provide examples, please.

Suffixes can change stress patterns or not, it depends.
The following suffixes don't change the stress pattern:
drinkABLE
achorAGE
musicAL
playER
widEN
helpFUL
childHOOD
borING
civilIZE/civilISE
childISH
childLESS
birdLIKE
friendLY
employMENT
happiNESS
friendSHIP
otherWISE

On the other hand, other suffixes do change the stress in the shorter word.:
suffixes carrying primary stress themselves
word ending in -ese, -ee, -eer, -ette, -esque have the stress on this syllable
chinese, refugee, volunteer, cigarrette, picturesque
-suffixes that influence stress in the strem
always stress the syllable before -ion, -ian (education, electrician)
-the ending -ic also moves the stress to the syllable before it (scientific)

There are many longer word endings where the last letters are -y or -ist. In words with these endings, the stress is placed on the syllable two from the end.(antepenultimate) (humanity, chemistry)